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/*
* Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package android.rubidium.js;
import static com.android.adservices.service.js.JSScriptArgument.arrayArg;
import static com.android.adservices.service.js.JSScriptArgument.jsonArg;
import static com.android.adservices.service.js.JSScriptArgument.numericArg;
import static com.android.adservices.service.js.JSScriptArgument.recordArg;
import static com.android.adservices.service.js.JSScriptArgument.stringArg;
import static com.android.adservices.service.js.JSScriptArgument.stringArrayArg;
import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
import android.adservices.adselection.AdSelectionConfig;
import android.adservices.adselection.AdWithBid;
import android.adservices.common.AdData;
import android.adservices.common.AdSelectionSignals;
import android.adservices.common.AdTechIdentifier;
import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
import android.content.Context;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.perftests.utils.BenchmarkState;
import android.perftests.utils.PerfStatusReporter;
import android.util.Log;
import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider;
import androidx.test.filters.MediumTest;
import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
import com.android.adservices.data.adselection.CustomAudienceSignals;
import com.android.adservices.service.adselection.AdCounterKeyCopier;
import com.android.adservices.service.adselection.AdCounterKeyCopierNoOpImpl;
import com.android.adservices.service.adselection.AdDataArgumentUtil;
import com.android.adservices.service.adselection.AdSelectionConfigArgumentUtil;
import com.android.adservices.service.adselection.AdWithBidArgumentUtil;
import com.android.adservices.service.adselection.CustomAudienceBiddingSignalsArgumentUtil;
import com.android.adservices.service.adselection.CustomAudienceScoringSignalsArgumentUtil;
import com.android.adservices.service.js.IsolateSettings;
import com.android.adservices.service.js.JSScriptArgument;
import com.android.adservices.service.js.JSScriptArrayArgument;
import com.android.adservices.service.js.JSScriptEngine;
import com.android.adservices.service.js.JSScriptRecordArgument;
import com.android.adservices.service.profiling.JSScriptEngineLogConstants;
import com.android.adservices.service.profiling.Profiler;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.time.Clock;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;
/** To run the unit tests for this class, run "atest RubidiumPerfTests:JSScriptEnginePerfTests" */
@MediumTest
@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
public class JSScriptEnginePerfTests {
private static final String TAG = JSScriptEngine.TAG;
private static final Context sContext = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext();
private static final ExecutorService sExecutorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
private static final JSScriptEngine sJSScriptEngine =
JSScriptEngine.getInstanceForTesting(
sContext, Profiler.createInstance(JSScriptEngine.TAG));
private static final Clock CLOCK = Clock.fixed(Instant.now(), ZoneOffset.UTC);
private static final Instant ACTIVATION_TIME = CLOCK.instant();
private static final Instant EXPIRATION_TIME = CLOCK.instant().plus(Duration.ofDays(1));
private static final AdSelectionSignals CONTEXTUAL_SIGNALS = AdSelectionSignals.EMPTY;
private static final AdCounterKeyCopier AD_COUNTER_KEY_COPIER_NO_OP =
new AdCounterKeyCopierNoOpImpl();
private final AdDataArgumentUtil mAdDataArgumentUtil =
new AdDataArgumentUtil(AD_COUNTER_KEY_COPIER_NO_OP);
private final AdWithBidArgumentUtil mAdWithBidArgumentUtil =
new AdWithBidArgumentUtil(mAdDataArgumentUtil);
@Rule
public PerfStatusReporter mPerfStatusReporter = new PerfStatusReporter();
@Before
public void before() throws Exception {
// Warm up the sandbox env.
callJSEngine(
"function test() { return \"hello world\";" + " }", ImmutableList.of(), "test");
}
@After
public void after() {
sJSScriptEngine.shutdown();
}
@Test
public void evaluate_helloWorld() throws Exception {
BenchmarkState state = mPerfStatusReporter.getBenchmarkState();
while (state.keepRunning()) {
String res =
callJSEngine(
"function test() { return \"hello world\";" + " }",
ImmutableList.of(),
"test");
assertThat(res).isEqualTo("\"hello world\"");
}
}
@Test
public void evaluate_emptyGenerateBid() throws Exception {
BenchmarkState state = mPerfStatusReporter.getBenchmarkState();
state.pauseTiming();
InputStream testJsInputStream = sContext.getAssets().open("empty_generate_bid.js");
String jsTestFile = new String(testJsInputStream.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
JSScriptArgument adDataArgument =
recordArg(
"ad",
stringArg("render_url", "http://google.com"),
recordArg("metadata", numericArg("input", 10)));
callJSEngine(jsTestFile, ImmutableList.of(adDataArgument), "generateBid");
state.resumeTiming();
while (state.keepRunning()) {
callJSEngine(jsTestFile, ImmutableList.of(adDataArgument), "generateBid");
}
}
@Test
public void evaluate_turtledoveSampleGenerateBid() throws Exception {
BenchmarkState state = mPerfStatusReporter.getBenchmarkState();
state.pauseTiming();
InputStream testJsInputStream = sContext.getAssets().open("turtledove_generate_bid.js");
String jsTestFile = new String(testJsInputStream.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
// Initialize the environment with one call.
callJSEngine(jsTestFile, ImmutableList.of(), "generateBid");
state.resumeTiming();
while (state.keepRunning()) {
callJSEngine(jsTestFile, ImmutableList.of(), "generateBid");
}
}
@Test
public void evaluate_turtledoveSampleGenerateBid_parametrized_10Ads() throws Exception {
runParametrizedTurtledoveScript(10);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_turtledoveSampleGenerateBid_parametrized_25Ads() throws Exception {
runParametrizedTurtledoveScript(25);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_turtledoveSampleGenerateBid_parametrized_50Ads() throws Exception {
runParametrizedTurtledoveScript(50);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_turtledoveSampleGenerateBid_parametrized_75Ads() throws Exception {
runParametrizedTurtledoveScript(75);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_rubidiumGenerateBid_parametrized_1Ad() throws Exception {
runParameterizedRubidiumGenerateBid(1);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_rubidiumGenerateBid_parametrized_10Ads() throws Exception {
runParameterizedRubidiumGenerateBid(10);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_rubidiumGenerateBid_parametrized_25Ads() throws Exception {
runParameterizedRubidiumGenerateBid(25);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_rubidiumGenerateBid_parametrized_50Ads() throws Exception {
runParameterizedRubidiumGenerateBid(50);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_rubidiumGenerateBid_parametrized_75Ads() throws Exception {
runParameterizedRubidiumGenerateBid(75);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_rubidiumScoreAd_parametrized_1Ad() throws Exception {
runParameterizedRubidiumScoreAd(1);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_rubidiumScoreAd_parametrized_10Ads() throws Exception {
runParameterizedRubidiumScoreAd(10);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_rubidiumScoreAd_parametrized_25Ads() throws Exception {
runParameterizedRubidiumScoreAd(25);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_rubidiumScoreAd_parametrized_50Ads() throws Exception {
runParameterizedRubidiumScoreAd(50);
}
@Test
public void evaluate_rubidiumScoreAd_parametrized_75Ads() throws Exception {
runParameterizedRubidiumScoreAd(75);
}
@SuppressLint("DefaultLocale")
private void runParametrizedTurtledoveScript(int numAds) throws Exception {
BenchmarkState state = mPerfStatusReporter.getBenchmarkState();
state.pauseTiming();
InputStream testJsInputStream =
sContext.getAssets().open("turtledove_parametrized_generateBid.js");
String jsTestFile = new String(testJsInputStream.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
state.resumeTiming();
while (state.keepRunning()) {
int numInterestGroups = 1;
String res =
callJSEngine(
sJSScriptEngine,
jsTestFile,
ImmutableList.of(
buildSampleInterestGroupArg(numInterestGroups, numAds)),
"generateBid");
// I modified the Turtledove script to have the total execution time
// (across all IGs) as the last element in the response array.
JSONArray obj = new JSONArray(res);
long webviewExecTime = obj.getJSONObject(obj.length() - 1).getLong("generateBidTime");
String webviewExecTimeLog =
String.format(
"(%s: %d)",
JSScriptEngineLogConstants.WEBVIEW_EXECUTION_TIME, webviewExecTime);
// The listener picks up logs from JSScriptEngine, so simulate logging from there.
Log.d(TAG, webviewExecTimeLog);
}
}
private JSScriptArrayArgument<JSScriptRecordArgument> buildSampleInterestGroupArg(
int numCustomAudiences, int numAds) {
JSScriptRecordArgument ad =
recordArg(
"foo",
ImmutableList.of(
stringArg(
"renderUrl",
"https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/ads/simple-ad"
+ ".html?adg_id=52836427830&cr_id=310927197297"
+ "&cv_id=4"),
stringArrayArg(
"metadata",
ImmutableList.of(
"52836427830", "310927197297", "4", "608936333"))));
JSScriptRecordArgument interestGroupArg =
recordArg(
"foo",
stringArg("owner", "https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/"),
stringArg("name", "1j115753478"),
stringArg("biddingLogicUrl", "https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/td/bjs"),
stringArg(
"dailyUpdateUrl", "https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/td/update"),
stringArg(
"trustedBiddingSignalsUrl",
"https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/td/sjs"),
stringArrayArg(
"trustedBiddingSignalsKeys", ImmutableList.of("1j115753478")),
stringArrayArg("userBiddingSignals", ImmutableList.of()),
new JSScriptArrayArgument("ads", Collections.nCopies(numAds, ad)));
return arrayArg("foo", Collections.nCopies(numCustomAudiences, interestGroupArg));
}
@Test
public void evaluate_turtledoveWasm() throws Exception {
assumeTrue(sJSScriptEngine.isWasmSupported().get(3, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
BenchmarkState state = mPerfStatusReporter.getBenchmarkState();
state.pauseTiming();
String jsTestFile = readAsset("generate_bid_using_wasm.js");
byte[] wasmTestFile = readBinaryAsset("generate_bid.wasm");
JSScriptArgument[] inputBytes = new JSScriptArgument[200];
Random rand = new Random();
for (int i = 0; i < inputBytes.length; i++) {
byte value = (byte) (rand.nextInt(2 * Byte.MAX_VALUE) - Byte.MIN_VALUE);
inputBytes[i] = JSScriptArgument.numericArg("_", value);
}
JSScriptArgument adDataArgument =
recordArg(
"ad",
stringArg("render_url", "http://google.com"),
recordArg("metadata", JSScriptArgument.arrayArg("input", inputBytes)));
state.resumeTiming();
while (state.keepRunning()) {
callJSEngine(jsTestFile, wasmTestFile, ImmutableList.of(adDataArgument), "generateBid");
}
}
private String callJSEngine(
@NonNull String jsScript,
@NonNull List<JSScriptArgument> args,
@NonNull String functionName)
throws Exception {
return callJSEngine(sJSScriptEngine, jsScript, args, functionName);
}
private String callJSEngine(
@NonNull String jsScript,
@NonNull byte[] wasmScript,
@NonNull List<JSScriptArgument> args,
@NonNull String functionName)
throws Exception {
return callJSEngine(sJSScriptEngine, jsScript, wasmScript, args, functionName);
}
private static String callJSEngine(
@NonNull JSScriptEngine jsScriptEngine,
@NonNull String jsScript,
@NonNull List<JSScriptArgument> args,
@NonNull String functionName)
throws Exception {
CountDownLatch resultLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
ListenableFuture<String> futureResult =
callJSEngineAsync(jsScriptEngine, jsScript, args, functionName, resultLatch);
resultLatch.await();
return futureResult.get();
}
private String callJSEngine(
@NonNull JSScriptEngine jsScriptEngine,
@NonNull String jsScript,
@NonNull byte[] wasmScript,
@NonNull List<JSScriptArgument> args,
@NonNull String functionName)
throws Exception {
CountDownLatch resultLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
ListenableFuture<String> futureResult =
callJSEngineAsync(
jsScriptEngine, jsScript, wasmScript, args, functionName, resultLatch);
resultLatch.await();
return futureResult.get();
}
private static ListenableFuture<String> callJSEngineAsync(
@NonNull String jsScript,
@NonNull List<JSScriptArgument> args,
@NonNull String functionName,
@NonNull CountDownLatch resultLatch) {
return callJSEngineAsync(sJSScriptEngine, jsScript, args, functionName, resultLatch);
}
private static ListenableFuture<String> callJSEngineAsync(
@NonNull JSScriptEngine engine,
@NonNull String jsScript,
@NonNull List<JSScriptArgument> args,
@NonNull String functionName,
@NonNull CountDownLatch resultLatch) {
Objects.requireNonNull(engine);
Objects.requireNonNull(resultLatch);
ListenableFuture<String> result = engine.evaluate(
jsScript,
args,
functionName,
IsolateSettings.forMaxHeapSizeEnforcementDisabled());
result.addListener(resultLatch::countDown, sExecutorService);
return result;
}
private ListenableFuture<String> callJSEngineAsync(
@NonNull JSScriptEngine engine,
@NonNull String jsScript,
@NonNull byte[] wasmScript,
@NonNull List<JSScriptArgument> args,
@NonNull String functionName,
@NonNull CountDownLatch resultLatch) {
Objects.requireNonNull(engine);
Objects.requireNonNull(resultLatch);
ListenableFuture<String> result = engine.evaluate(
jsScript,
wasmScript,
args,
functionName,
IsolateSettings.forMaxHeapSizeEnforcementDisabled());
result.addListener(resultLatch::countDown, sExecutorService);
return result;
}
private byte[] readBinaryAsset(@NonNull String assetName) throws IOException {
return sContext.getAssets().open(assetName).readAllBytes();
}
private String readAsset(@NonNull String assetName) throws IOException {
return new String(readBinaryAsset(assetName), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
}
public void runParameterizedRubidiumGenerateBid(int numOfAds) throws Exception {
BenchmarkState state = mPerfStatusReporter.getBenchmarkState();
state.pauseTiming();
List<AdData> adDataList = getSampleAdDataList(numOfAds, "https://ads.example/");
ImmutableList.Builder<JSScriptArgument> adDataListArgument = new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
for (AdData adData : adDataList) {
adDataListArgument.add(mAdDataArgumentUtil.asScriptArgument("ignored", adData));
}
AdSelectionSignals perBuyerSignals = generatePerBuyerSignals(numOfAds);
AdSelectionSignals auctionSignals = AdSelectionSignals.fromString("{\"auctionSignal1"
+ "\":\"auctionValue1\",\"auctionSignal2\":\"auctionValue2\"}");
AdTechIdentifier buyer = AdTechIdentifier.fromString("https://example-dsp.com");
AdSelectionSignals trustedBiddingSignals = AdSelectionSignals.fromString("{\"key1"
+ "\":\"tbs1\",\"key2\":{}}");
CustomAudienceSignals customAudienceSignals = getSampleCustomAudienceSignals(buyer,
"shoes-running");
ImmutableList<JSScriptArgument> args = ImmutableList.<JSScriptArgument>builder()
.add(arrayArg("ads", adDataListArgument.build()))
.add(jsonArg("auctionSignals", auctionSignals))
.add(jsonArg("perBuyerSignals", perBuyerSignals))
.add(jsonArg("trustedBiddingSignals", trustedBiddingSignals))
.add(jsonArg("contextualSignals", CONTEXTUAL_SIGNALS))
.add(CustomAudienceBiddingSignalsArgumentUtil.asScriptArgument(
"customAudienceBiddingSignal", customAudienceSignals))
.build();
InputStream testJsInputStream = sContext.getAssets().open(
"rubidium_bidding_logic_compiled.js");
String jsTestFile = new String(testJsInputStream.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
//logging time taken to call JS
state.resumeTiming();
while (state.keepRunning()) {
String res = callJSEngine(jsTestFile, args, "generateBidIterative");
JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject(res);
long webviewExecTime = jsonObject.getLong("duration");
String webviewExecTimeLog =
String.format(Locale.ENGLISH,
"(%s: %d)",
JSScriptEngineLogConstants.WEBVIEW_EXECUTION_TIME,
webviewExecTime);
// The listener picks up logs from JSScriptEngine, so simulate logging from there.
Log.d(TAG, webviewExecTimeLog);
}
}
public void runParameterizedRubidiumScoreAd(int numOfAds) throws Exception {
BenchmarkState state = mPerfStatusReporter.getBenchmarkState();
state.pauseTiming();
String adRenderUrl = "https://rtb.example/creative";
List<AdWithBid> adWithBidList = getSampleAdDataWithBidList(numOfAds, adRenderUrl);
ImmutableList.Builder<JSScriptArgument> adWithBidArrayArgument =
new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
for (AdWithBid adWithBid : adWithBidList) {
adWithBidArrayArgument.add(
mAdWithBidArgumentUtil.asScriptArgument("adWithBid", adWithBid));
}
AdTechIdentifier seller = AdTechIdentifier.fromString("www.example-ssp.com");
AdSelectionSignals sellerSignals = AdSelectionSignals.fromString("{\"signals\":[]}");
String trustedScoringSignalJson = String.format(Locale.ENGLISH,
"{\"renderUrl\":{\"%s\":[]}}", adRenderUrl);
AdSelectionSignals trustedScoringSignalsJson = AdSelectionSignals.fromString(
trustedScoringSignalJson);
AdTechIdentifier buyer1 = AdTechIdentifier.fromString("https://example-dsp.com");
AdSelectionSignals buyer1Signals = AdSelectionSignals.fromString("{\"https://example-dsp"
+ ".com:1\":\"value1\",\"https://example-dsp.com:2\":\"value2\"}");
Map<AdTechIdentifier, AdSelectionSignals> perBuyerSignals = ImmutableMap.of(buyer1,
buyer1Signals);
AdSelectionConfig adSelectionConfig = getSampleAdSelectionConfig(seller, sellerSignals,
perBuyerSignals);
CustomAudienceSignals customAudienceSignals = getSampleCustomAudienceSignals(buyer1,
"shoes-running");
ImmutableList<JSScriptArgument> args = ImmutableList.<JSScriptArgument>builder()
.add(arrayArg("adsWithBids", adWithBidArrayArgument.build()))
.add(AdSelectionConfigArgumentUtil.asScriptArgument(adSelectionConfig,
"adSelectionConfig"))
.add(jsonArg("sellerSignals", sellerSignals))
.add(jsonArg("trustedScoringSignals", trustedScoringSignalsJson))
.add(jsonArg("contextualSignals", CONTEXTUAL_SIGNALS))
.add(CustomAudienceScoringSignalsArgumentUtil.asScriptArgument(
"customAudienceScoringSignal", customAudienceSignals))
.build();
InputStream testJsInputStream = sContext.getAssets().open(
"rubidium_scoring_logic_compiled.js");
String jsTestFile = new String(testJsInputStream.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
//logging time taken to call JS
state.resumeTiming();
while (state.keepRunning()) {
String res = callJSEngine(jsTestFile, args, "scoreAdIterative");
JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject(res);
long webviewExecTime = jsonObject.getLong("duration");
String webviewExecTimeLog =
String.format(Locale.ENGLISH,
"(%s: %d)",
JSScriptEngineLogConstants.WEBVIEW_EXECUTION_TIME,
webviewExecTime);
// The listener picks up logs from JSScriptEngine, so simulate logging from there.
Log.d(TAG, webviewExecTimeLog);
}
}
private List<AdWithBid> getSampleAdDataWithBidList(int size, String baseUri) {
double initialBid = 1.23;
return IntStream.rangeClosed(1, size).mapToObj(iterator -> {
Uri renderUri = Uri.parse(String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "%s%d", baseUri, iterator));
String metaDataJson = String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "{\"metadata\":[\"%d\",\"123\"]}",
iterator);
AdData adData = new AdData.Builder().setRenderUri(renderUri).setMetadata(
metaDataJson).build();
return new AdWithBid(adData, initialBid + iterator);
}).collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new));
}
private List<AdData> getSampleAdDataList(int size, String baseUri) {
return IntStream.rangeClosed(1, size).mapToObj(iterator -> {
Uri renderUri = Uri.parse(String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "%s%d", baseUri, iterator));
String metaDataJson = String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "{\"metadata\":[\"%d\",\"123\"]}",
iterator);
return new AdData.Builder().setRenderUri(renderUri).setMetadata(
metaDataJson).build();
}).collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new));
}
private CustomAudienceSignals getSampleCustomAudienceSignals(AdTechIdentifier buyer,
String name) {
String owner = "www.example-dsp.com";
AdSelectionSignals userBiddingSignals = AdSelectionSignals.fromString("{\"signals\":[]}");
return new CustomAudienceSignals.Builder()
.setOwner(owner)
.setBuyer(buyer)
.setActivationTime(ACTIVATION_TIME)
.setExpirationTime(EXPIRATION_TIME)
.setUserBiddingSignals(userBiddingSignals)
.setName(name)
.build();
}
private AdSelectionConfig getSampleAdSelectionConfig(AdTechIdentifier seller,
AdSelectionSignals sellerSignals,
Map<AdTechIdentifier, AdSelectionSignals> perBuyerSignals) {
Uri decisionLogicUri = Uri.parse("https://www.example-ssp.com/decide.js");
Uri trustedScoringSignalsUri = Uri.parse("https://www.example-ssp.com/signals");
List<AdTechIdentifier> buyers = ImmutableList.copyOf(
new ArrayList<>(perBuyerSignals.keySet()));
return new AdSelectionConfig.Builder()
.setSeller(seller)
.setDecisionLogicUri(decisionLogicUri)
.setCustomAudienceBuyers(buyers)
.setAdSelectionSignals(AdSelectionSignals.EMPTY)
.setSellerSignals(sellerSignals)
.setPerBuyerSignals(perBuyerSignals)
.setTrustedScoringSignalsUri(trustedScoringSignalsUri)
.build();
}
private AdSelectionSignals generatePerBuyerSignals(int size) {
String signalArrayFormat = "[\"%d\",\"123\",%d]";
String signalArray = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, size)
.mapToObj(i -> String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, signalArrayFormat, i, i))
.collect(Collectors.joining(", ", "[", "]"));
return AdSelectionSignals.fromString(
String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "{\"signals\":[null,%s,[null]]}",
signalArray));
}
}